Hello and a very warm welcome to our 1940s Home Front website. It's easy to forget when we think about World War II that it is not only the military that fight wars. As we are often reminded the soldiers sailors and airmen give their lives in defence of a cause, that cause being our way of life our freedom and liberties. About the bravery of such people there can be no doubt, but during World War II the concept of total war came to the fore and in it's wake came not just hardship but also destruction that affected the entire nation. Men and women were called upon to cope with situations of hardship and destruction ranging from shortages in the basic necessities of life to the whole scale destruction in many areas of the country. Many joined the voluntary services, Auxillary Fire Service, Home Guard and Air Raid Precautions to mention a few, their aim to defend the nation to save the lifes of those unfortunate enough to be touched by war on our own door step. Dispite rationing, blackouts, evacuation and long working hours the spirit of the nation was not destroyed they kept going, the 'Blitz spirit' was born. The war on the home front was very real and whilst it has not passed out of living memory completely this website is part of an attempt to understand and do justice to the memory and spirit of those extaordinary years.
Much of our information is gathered from documents, books and personal recollections. If you have recollections of life on the home front or have any stories from friends and relatives which you would like recorded or maybe even incorporated into the web site we are always pleased to recive information to add to the archive. We hope that once we have gathered sufficent material we can start a wartime memories page. Why not get involved and record your memories of this period of our history through our 'contact us' page .
Like most other Living History enthusiasts we are very keen collectors. We enjoy attending various 1940s events in and around East Anglia with our exhibits. It is important to us that people and in particular the younger generation understand that there was another war being fought on the Home Front whilst the men were fighting abroad. Education is always on our agenda along with a lot of fun, and it is great for us when people take a keen interest in what we have on show. Our exhibits include things such as food stuffs and cooking items, Civil Defense items and1940s make-up.
We are also part of a larger Living History Group, The Royal Ulster Rifles, who portray both 1st and 2nd battalions of this regiment in north-west Europe from 1944 to 1945. You can see their website at www.theroyalulsterrifles.com.
The fighting in World War 1 ended when the Armistice took effect at 11am GMT on November 11th, 1918. In the aftermath of the war the political, cultural, and social order of the world was drastically changed in many places, even outsid the areas directly involved in the war. New countries were formed, old ones were abolished, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideas took a firm hold in people's minds.
In the United Kingdom, funding the war had severe economic cost. From being the world's largest overseas investor, it became one of its biggest debtors with interest payments forming around 40% of all government spending. Inflation more than doubled between 1914 and its peak in 1920, while the value of the pound sterling ( consumer expenditure ) fell by 61.2%. Reparations in the form of free German coal depressed the local industry, percipitating the 1926 General Strike. British private investments abroad were sold, raising £550 million. However, £250 million new investment also took place during the war. The net financial loss was therefore approximately £300 million; less than two years investment compared to the pre-war average rate and more than replaced by 1928. The material loss was ' slight ' The most significant being 40% of the British merchant fleet sunk by German U-boats.
Most of this was replaced in 1918 and all immediately after the war. The military historian Correlli Barnett has argued that ' in objective truth the Great War in no way inflicted crippling economic damage on Britain ' but the war ' crippled the British psychologically but in no other way ' .
Less concrete changes included the growing assertiveness of Commonwealth nations. Battles during the Great War, such as Gallipoli for Australia and New Zealand, and Vimy Ridge for Canada led to increased national pride and a greater reluctance to remain subordinate to Britain, leading to a growth of diplomatic autonomy in the 1920s. The battles were often decorated in propaganda in these nations as symbolic of their power during the war, but however much the propaganda machine worked the casualty figures told a different story, it was if Britain and its ' donkey ' generals were throwing away the lives of their soldiers in endless and pointless battles. Traditionally loyal dominions such as Newfoundland were deeply disillusioned by Britain's apparent disregard for her soldiers, the Newfoundland Regiment had been totally wiped out to a man on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. This eventually led to the unification of Newfoundland into the Confederation of Canada.
Colonies such as India and Nigeria also became increasingly assertive because of their participation in the war. The populations in these countries became incresingly aware of their own power and Britain's fragility. The world was changing and it was changing fast. In Ireland the delay in finding a resolution to the Home Rule issue, partly caused by the war, as well as the 1916 Easter Rising and a failed attempt to introduce conscription in Ireland, increased support for separatist radicals, and led indirectly to the outbreak of the Irish War of Independence in 1919 and the eventual creation of the Irish Free State. Ireland would remain neutral during World War Two, but her men and women would still flock to the cause.
Britain was living in a mood of great mourning. Her ' generation of youth ' had blown away on the battlefields of Flanders. Her casualties including those of Ireland were 885, 138 military deaths, and 109,000 civilian. Making a total of 994, 138. Those wounded amounted to a staggering 1, 663, 435.
Every village, town and city had a memorial to the ' glorious dead ' nearly every family in the land had been affected by the loss of a loved one. And now a bigger evil was awakening across the Channel. An evil so great it would cast its shadow across Europe. Britain was asleep. She would stand alone. And she would call on the help of her dominions once again to survive.
On September 1st 1939 German troops swarmed across the Polish border and unleashed the first Blitzkrieg the world had ever seen. Hitler had been planning his attack since March - ever since German troops occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia. The Poles suspected as much and redied their defenses. Britain and France had sword to defend Poland. Honoring these obligations, the two countries sent ultimatums to Adolf Hitler demanding his withdrawl from Poland. Hitler declined to respond. On September 3rd Prime Minister Chamberlian went on the air waves to announce to the British people that a state of war existed between Britian and Germany. World War II had begun.
The Phoney War was a phase in early World War II, in the months following Britain's declarayopn of War on Germany, shortly after the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 and proceeding the Battle of France in May 1940, that was marked by a lack of major military operations in Continental Europe. The various European powers had declared war on one another, but neither side had committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground, notwithstanding the terms of the Anglo-Polish military alliance and the Franco-Polish Military Alliance, which obliged Britain and France to assist Poland. While most of the German army was engaged in Poland, a much smaller German force manned the Siegfried Line, their fortified defensive line along the French border. At the Maginot Line on
the other side of the border, British and French troops stood facing them, but there were only some local minor skirmishes. The British Royal Air Force dropped propaganda leaflets on Germany and the first Canadian troops stepped ashore in Britain, while western Europe was in a strange calm for seven months. Meanwhile, the opposing nations clashed in the Norwegian Campaign. In their hurry to rearm, Britain and France had both begun buying large amounts of weapons from Manufacturers in the US at the outbreak of hostilities, supplementing their own productions. The non-belligerent United States contributed to the Western Allies by discounted sales, and later lend lease of Military equipment and supplies. German efforts to interdict the Allies' transatlantic trade at sea ignited the Second Battle of the Atlantic in the 20th century. Alfred Jodl at the Nuremberg Trials stated that: ' If we did not collapse already in the year 1939 that was due to the fact that during the Polish campaign, the approximately 110 French and British Divisions in the West were held completely inactive against the 23 German Divisions. ' The Saar Offensive was a French operation into the Saarland on the German 1st Army defense sector in the early stages of the war. The purpose of the attack was to assist Poland, which was then under attack. However, the assault was stopped and the Frencg forces withdrew. This would be the only offensive undertaken by France throughout World War II. According to the Franco-Polish military convention, the French Army was to start preperations for the major offensive three days after mobilization started. The French forces were to effectively gain control over the area between the French border and the German lines and were to probe the German defenses.
German troops cross the Polish border
On the 15th day of mobilization ( that is on the 16th September ) the French army was to start a full scale assault on Germany. The preemptive mobilization was started in France on the 26th August and on the 1st September full mobilization was declared. A French offensive in the Rhine river valley area ( Saar Offensive ) started on the 7th September, four days after France declared war on Germany. Then, the Wehrmacht was occupied in the attack on Poland, which meant that the French soldiers enjoyed a decisive numerical advantage along the border with Germany. However, the French were not able to take any action to assist the Poles. Eleven French divisions advanced along a 32km ( 20 miles ) line near Saarbrucken against weak German opposition. The French Army had advanced to a depth of 8km and captured about 20 villages evacuated by the Germans, without any resistance. However, the half-hearted offensive was halted after France seized the Warndt Forest, 7.8 km of heavily-mined German territory.
You are viewing the text version of this site.
To view the full version please install the Adobe Flash Player and ensure your web browser has JavaScript enabled.
Need help? check the requirements page.